Should there be legislation for equal pay be for both men and women in Research Paper

Should there be legislation for equal pay be for both men and women in the same job - Research Paper Example These encompass long held theories regarding the female gender, sex discrimination and in some occasions hypotheses regarding women’s incompetence (Coolidge 9). However, the female gender has waged defense the on basis of huge their labor that goes unpaid and unnoticed besides meager remuneration in their respective workplace (Coolidge 9). Studies contend an average female loses an approximate $420,000 in her life (Coolidge 9). This does not comprise unrecognized household chores and childbearing matter that has prompted women to lag behind in their careers (Coolidge 9). A. Women ought to receive similar remuneration considerations with men (Coolidge 9). This is regardless of either former or present notions, which corporations, states’ regimes, men and society may be holding against them. Since, their contribution is similar to that of men except in various situations whereby nature exempts them from being active, for instance pregnancy. B. There should be no equal rem uneration amid the two genders. This is due to unequal contribution in the same job capacity despite the two genders having the same education or expertise. Mainly, women tend to be slow, reluctant, and not ambitious besides in certain situations excepting themselves due to pregnancy or other varied issues. II. Unequal remuneration amid the genders up to date is still evident (Drinan 18). This is regardless of numerous Acts instituted and implemented with an intention of ending gender disparity (Drinan 18). Since, the respective authorities lack effective measures meant to make adequate follow ups, mostly evident with transition of numerous regimes. For illustration, after President Carter instituting the 1980’s Act, both the following leaders failed to ratify it except Bill Clinton who gave it a light implementation, hence offering insignificant contribution in ending gender disparity (Drinan 18). Consequently, studies reveal that an average woman losses approximately $420,0 00 in her lifetime (Coolidge 9). This continues to widen both sexes’ pay gap regardless of the developing states boasting about their stable economies (O'Beirne 29). However, other arguments contend that, there are women who earn more compared to men especially in the challenging fields, for illustration engineering. Therefore, those claiming to earn little usually venture in the less paying jobs, which entail consistency to the extent female gender cannot keep up due to their inevitable natural exemptions (childbearing issues) (Coolidge 9). In addition, Britain studies reveal a decrease in the pay gap between men and women despite unproductive measures meant to ensure adequate follow-ups (Gavin 12). However, this trend is extremely slow due to wages’ stagnation especially by the low-income earners (Gavin 12). III. Women’s remuneration should equal the task(s) mandated to undertake in their respective areas because this ensures gender equality among the employee s (Kiama). A. Equal pay aids corporations in avoiding gender inequality, which according studies is the leading â€Å"dissatisfier'† in the workplace (Kiama). 1. Approximately 48% people contended that, unfairness especially in the workplace yields to employees’ demoralization. This is regardless of other varied aspects instituted by the employer to ensure good working environment (Kiama). 2. The 2010 (CIPD)’

Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power

Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power Do the advantages of using nuclear power outweigh the disadvantages and thus making it a safe and economical method of generating electricity? At this time it is believed that there are far more disadvantages than advantages when it comes to the use of nuclear power. This report will list the advantages and disadvantages and prove that nuclear power is the next stepping stone in technological advancements and a cleaner future. HYPOTHESIS The advantages of utilizing nuclear power will by far demean the disadvantages and therefore prove that it will be beneficial to make use of nuclear power as an energy source. DISCUSSION ADVANTAGES One of the main advantages of nuclear power is that it does not emit a large quantity of green house gases such as CO2 [1] [2] and thus does not contribute to global warming. In turn this allows for a cleaner global environment. As seen in the below diagram, Coal-fired power stations release 5912000 tons of CO2 per year. Nuclear power stations use less than a twenty-fifth of that because they only release 230000 tons of CO2 per year. Therefore in the environmental aspect, nuclear power is safe and beneficial for the world s future. Figure 1: A graph of the CO2 Emission by Each Power Source Another advantage of nuclear power is that it has relatively low costs involved in its production [5]. It yields much more electrical energy for each unit of nuclear fuel (uranium rods) used than the conventional fossil fuel power stations (coal) [1] [2]. Due to this it will also cost less to ascertain the resources needed to produce the same amount of energy as fossil fuels as is made evident in the below graph. This results in nuclear fuel costing much less per kilowatt hour for a consumer than any other method of producing electricity [fig. 2]. Therefore nuclear power will be economically beneficial for the world s electricity consuming population. Figure 2: A graph showing the US Electricity Production Costs for 1995 2008 An organization known as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is in place to ensure that all nuclear power stations and nuclear activity which occur anywhere in the world is done without error which ultimately makes the use of nuclear power a safer option [7]. They implement standards and regulations which must be adhered to by all nuclear facilities [7]. One of their main tasks is to oversee the installation of the nuclear systems and transportation of nuclear materials to insure safety and security [7]. These monitoring protocols allow the usage of nuclear energy to be safe and secure. Over time improved designs have come about for nuclear reactors such as the advanced reactor in Japan which has been operating since 1996 [6]. The major safety feature in this reactor is its passive safety system. In the event of a malfunction, no intervention from an operator is required thus eliminating the chance of a human error [6]. If this type safety feature was to be implemented in all the current and future nuclear reactors, it would significantly enhance the safety of the nuclear plants. There is a variety of safety features for nuclear reactors one of which is the three barriers between the fuel rods and the environment [6]. The fuel rods are in a solid ceramic pellet which forms the first barrier [6]. These pellets are inside a closed zirconium tube, which forms the second barrier [6]. The final barrier is the containment of the fuel rods. They are stored in a steel pressure vessel and this vessel has walls up to 30cm thick therefore preventing all radioactive radiation from escaping. Other than those safety barriers the whole containment structure has one meter thick reinforced concrete walls [6]. Thus in the event of a human error there are provisions in place to minimize the severity of the error. These measures will increase the safety of using nuclear power plants even more. DISADVANTAGES The technology and resources used for producing nuclear power can also be used in malicious activities such as illegal nuclear weapons manufacturing [1]. The IAEA has a security area specifically implemented to eliminate such events. It protects the transport and installations of nuclear substances so that they cannot be used for the above mentioned malicious activities [7]. Therefore this is no longer a major disadvantage of using nuclear power. There is a possibility of a nuclear reactor melting down due to human error or bad maintenance. This will result in environmental destruction and/or human casualties [2]. If a human is exposed to a radioactive substance then it is likely that that person and their future generations could suffer from genetic deformities. In the last 50 years there have only been two serious nuclear catastrophes: The Three Mile Island (1979) and Chernobyl (1986). In the Three Mile Island incident the radiation was contained and there were no subsequent environmental or health problems. There have been ten other meltdowns but they were mostly a part of a military or an experimental reactor and they did not result in any hazards on the reactor s surroundings. The first nuclear power station ever created was at Calder Hall in England [10]. It was created in 1956 and has had no operational problems since [10]. This indicates that nuclear reactors can be very safe and therefore beneficial. One of the requi rements of a nuclear reactor is to ensure that a core meltdown must be restricted to the nuclear plant therefore ensuring the safety of nearby residents and the environment. It can thus be deducted that in the event of a reactor meltdown, our safety will not be compromised therefore human or accidental error are not a devastating issue. Terrorism is a huge concern in relation to nuclear reactors especially since the 9/11 terrorist attack in New York [3]. The concern is that a terrorist will crash an airplane in to a nuclear reactor or radioactive waste plant but such nuclear facilities are some of the most terrorist attack resistant infrastructures built [6]. This is because of their robust design (one meter thick walls). Analysts have conducted experiments that have proved that nuclear facilities are terrorist proof. One of the experiments includes using a Boeing 767 and a penetrating missile when testing the strength of facility. Therefore nuclear reactors and radioactive waste facilities are not prone to terrorist attacks. The earth s supply of nuclear fuel (uranium) is very limited and is only expected to last for another 30 to 60 years [2]. Because of the rate of technological developments, it is likely that a new source of electricity will be discovered within 30 to 60 years. With this in mind there is no reason to not use nuclear power in the meantime. A large disadvantage of nuclear power is that it takes about 20 to 30 years to create a nuclear power station (in western democracies) [2]. The planning and building is very time consuming [2]. This is not necessarily a bad thing because it decreases the chances of an error occurring which could have potentially lead to a meltdown accident or any other accidents occurring. This could also increase the quality of the power station s construction which therefore making the nuclear power station safe to use. CONCLUSION As can be seen from the above mentioned points, the use of nuclear power has numerous benefits, both in terms of economics and safety. One cannot deny the disadvantages to using nuclear power but there are solutions available, as showed above, that either negates the disadvantage or minimizes its severity. Therefore the advantages of using nuclear power outweigh the disadvantages by far, which makes nuclear power a safe, secure and economical option for generating of electricity. GLOSSARY Meltdown: When a nuclear reactor core overheats causing the encasement to melt thus allowing radiation to escape. Greenhouse gases: Gases that are produced by most traditional fuel sources which affect the ozone layer and the containment of heat within the Earth s atmosphere. Kilowatt: Is a unit used to measure power and is equal to 1000 watts. Fuel rods: A specialized container used to store nuclear fuel. Human error: An error which has occurred due to the incorrect intervention of human(s).

Abortion Essay -- Pregnancy Papers

Abortion Abortion has been an issue since 1820. In the beginning the problem was more about protecting doctors who have licenses. â€Å"Regular doctors thus had an incentive to ban abortion as part of an effort to drive irregular doctors many of whom were women out of business† (Straggenborg, p.211). The AMA (American Medical Association), which was the group that the regular doctors made, started a campaign that made the people believe that the white population was getting smaller and the population of the immigrants was rising. Abortions were made illegal to insure the stability of the population of American citizens. It seems odd that the only reason that abortions were made illegal at one point was because of money issues and a lust for white supremecy. It seemed to have nothing to do with the rights of a child or a woman. One of the reasons why abortion came into question in the beginning of the 1950s was due to the fact that a lot of doctors and lawyers were seeing many case s of illegal abortions and it was becoming a large social problem. Since there was a lack of competition for legal abortions, doctors found no problem making them legal again -- â€Å"They felt that abortions were justified under certain circumstances, and they begun to see the laws against abortion as an infringement on their own medical discretion† (Straggenborg, p.212). And so the issue arose again with many pro- choice groups speaking up. Then with court cases like Griswold v. Connecticut and Roe v. Wade, abortion again became legal in the United States. When looking at a topic like abortion, there are many things that one must take into account. Yet before we look at both sides of the issue, lets look at exactly what the issue is. If we were to s... ...ernet,authoritative} Lee, Dr. Ellie, â€Å" Is Abortion a Health Risk?† 2001 {popular news, print via internet, reputable} Katz, Nikki, Abortion Statistics, 2002 { unrestricted, internet publication only, apparently credible} Low Income Uninsured Children by State 2000, 2001, 2002. 2002 { scholarly primary, print via internet, authoritative} Vital Statistics of the U.S. 1998, Vol 1, Natality. 1998 { scholarly primary, print via internet, authoritative} Feinberg, Joel. â€Å"Abortion.† Random House, Inc, 1986. [Scholarly primary source; print; not used for evidence] Rosenblatt, Roger. â€Å"How to End the Abortion War.† The New York Times Company, 1992. [Scholarly primary source; print; not used for evidence]

Managing A Business Event Essay

Event organisers are in charge of all parts of an event. They co-ordinate all aspects, from the beginning right through to the end, overseeing all the details and ensuring everything gets completed on time and on budget. While there is a great variety between the different types of events and the different tasks an event organiser will need to do, there are some parts which are almost always the same. Venue/Location The location or locations are very important for different kind of events, the actual event interprets the location which goes with it for example a football match in the world cup will require a 30,000 allocation plus depending on which team is playing. When Brazil is playing for example then they will need a 50,000 or even 60,000 plus seater stadium. It is important that the right stadium catered for the right people because they could be losing money if there are lots of unsold tickets. They have to make sure that there is enough leg room and room for people to pass through without making others move form their seat, they also have to cater for upper class to make sure they get the quality which they want. Catering For the world cup there has to be tons of food outlets both inside and outside the ground so they not only cater for everyone their but they cater for all their needs whatever they may be such as vegetarian or gluten free and other different eating habits. They have to have 10’s of thousands of burgers hotdogs batches of chips which are most commonly found in football stadiums around the world. They have to make sure they have enough food to last the big rush of customers which often come before half time or on half time because if they queue up for over 10/20 minutes and they don’t get the food they will be annoyed and they would also would miss the first 5 minutes of the first half. The speed of the delivery has to be very fast to get 100’s of customers with their food and drink and out as soon as they can their will be around a 25 minute gap to do this before the second half starts. Finally drinks have to be provided and both alcoholic and non-alcoholic must b e served to cater for young and old. Planning and  reserving facilities Facilities which need to be reserved and booked in advance are things like burger vans and drinks vending machines all these will have to be booked or bought in advance. Referees will have to be contacted prior to the world cup to make sure that they are okay to referee the in the games. Obviously the main important thing which needs to be free and ready to use is the various number of stadiums and to make sure that they’re not being used for another other reason. The car spaces will have to be planned and also bus routes to make transport quick easy and efficient for travelling fans and teams from hotels. Setting up The set up for the world cup started as soon as Brazil was announced as the hosts for the tournament. The first things which were set up were the plans of stadiums and thee transport links such as the numerous shuttle busses. Another first initial set up is to make sure it is safe for all fans and players so the Brazilian government have ordered army troops into the favelas of Brazil which are situated near the grounds, so the first few steps were to make sure transport links were designed as well as new pitches and also the security was put in place to calm down hot spots of violence around the city. Accommodation is another vital thing for the world cup because there will be 10’s of thousands of supporters going to the world cup so they need to make sure there is enough places for people to stay for the appropriate time failure to do this will have people sleeping on the streets which could cause turmoil in the streets, like thieving for example. Programme The programme for the world cup is made a few months in advance because people need to know when to book flights there and back so they know when the game is and how many games they can afford to stay for depending how large the gap is between the two games this is important to be released fairly early so supporters know when to book time off work and how many days they are. Preparing and distributing supporting documents For the world cup this is sending additional information to the buyers and  telling them things like transport links accommodation and also things like sending over the tickets which ay when the game is and what time it kicks offs these will be sent to the buyers house prior to the world cup so they can understand where to go and what to do nearer the time. Organisational procedures These things are like how many people the stadium fits and how many people are allocated to be in line waiting in the queue this is so that there won’t be any safety hazards such as getting injured via pushing and shoving in the queue. Another organisational procedures are the set times which the teams are lined up to play such as making sure that no games clash and they ar4e all at different times. Legal requirements Some of the legal requirements include: making sure no vandalism is done to the ground as the buyer has agreed to this once purchasing the ticket another requirement is that the people selling things around the ground that they stay in their agreed place and don’t move over into other sellers zones this could cause violence as another is acting upon another location. So the sellers agree to stay in their assign place. The standard football match agreement is also in place in the world cup which is no racist or violent behaviour towards players or the opposition’s fans. Limits of role As an event organiser it is important that they don’t do all the work and that they share the work load to other people who specialise in different areas such as giving the food responsibility to people who know what the fans want and what the number of items of food per match needs to be ordered. So it is important that the event organiser is able to dish jobs out however must keep an eye on what’s happening and making sure that the jobs are being done correctly by the other people who have been asked of the organiser. I is important to make sure that the organiser keeps an eye out on the other because they need to know if they’re on course to finish the job on time and to the best possible standard in which they can possibly do An event organiser needs the following skills to do their job effectively: Communication and interpersonal skills- This is critical to have as an organiser because they need to do a lot of telling people what to do and where to go. They need to be able to communicated with all sorts of working varying from business wear to builders to make sure that they are doing their jobs and to make sure that they’re on schedule. Time management- It is important for an event organiser to have good time management because they have a number of different things going on all the time and they have got to make sure each one is finished on schedule to make sure everything will be finished on time and so everything runs smoothly. Good time management means the organiser can go to different people instead of focusing on one person and making sure everyone is on track and not just focus on one person that’s working behind. Problem solving – It is important that the event planner has the ability to solve problems that may occur and may not be planned such as at the world cup a referee being ill this can easily be avoided by the getting a back up referee which is either the four official or sometimes the fifth so they can swap for the ref. Failure to have either of these can result in the game being cancelled or abandoned which will lose money to their economy and also it may cause problems for the travelling fans because they may have booked a flight when the game is next to be rescheduled . So it is important that the planner is ready to prepare for the worse and has ways of avoiding the situation. Negotiating- To keep within the events budget the organiser will be forced to negotiate to keep within the budget, so for the world cup he would of have to of negotiated with contractors and builders and manual labourers, the organiser would of tried to get the lowest price possible to get the stadium built to a high standard and as quick as they can. Negotiating for event organiser is vital to keep within budgets and saves the buyers money which would make the organiser highly recommendable to other people seeking a event organiser. Planning – The event planner will have to be able to plan long, short and medium situations for example a long term plan is planning where the stadiums are going to be built and how large of a capacity it is going to be, this will take a long time to both think about and also it will take even longer to execute an example of a medium term planning is things like what referees will be appointed to which games and also when the games will take place and at what times they kick off and finally short term would be what food and drinks are  too be sold. An event organiser has to be able to plan all three types and manage the time between planning them efficiently. Resource management- The event planner must make sure that there is enough food and drink for each and every stadium for each game failure to do so will cause the fans to grow inpatient and will prevent buying products I future games and may bring their own food which would lose money. Also they need to make sure that there’s not only enough food and drink but that there’s a wide range of options to chose from so the customers are kept happy by the wide selection of service. Monitoring- Because an event planner can’t do all the jobs they have to be able to keep monitoring and checking up on the people who are doing the more complex and longer jobs to make sure that they’re keeping up and schedule and not slowing anything down. They also have to be very supportive to try and motivate the workers to try and finish early. Evaluating- The event planner has to have a bench mark so that he can see if the job has been done below or above expectation, this is so the person can readjust things if they are up to the standards which they have without a good evaluation the jobs could be done below par and thus upsetting customers which aren’t getting the service which they have paid to get

Do We Rely Too Much on Technology?

Do we rely too much on technology? Technology is a great thing, it is used anywhere and everywhere around the world. Whether it’s a radio or an iPad, we all have some sort of technological device lying around somewhere in the house. Technology can be portrayed as our twenty-first century slave (without the feeding). You can ask it to do something and it will do it for you, it is a way of improving our living conditions. This might draw you back on a present for your mum or your house bills, but which one would you rather have? As we create a new generation of gadget hungry children that live on technology, do we rely too much on it?Let’s use mobile phones as an example, one in three adults have a phone and the same with nine in ten children. When was the last time you used one? Or are you using one right now? If you are like me then you can’t be off your phone for more than two minutes. If you are not calling someone then you are texting someone. If you are not t exting someone, then you are browsing the web, most likely you would be on facebook or twitter. If you are not doing any of those things then you would be staring blindly at your phone with nothing to do, or just waiting for something to happen.Can we not stop using our phones and do something more productive? We seem very reluctant to just turn our phones off. Being a user myself I have nothing against mobile phones, but technology has become more than a tool and more of a lifestyle. The main purpose of a phone is to make and receive calls, not search for the nearest restaurant within 500 metres. We all have to adapt to a new generation of technology, especially with innovative devices soon to be released such as new ranges of skinny TV’s, new iPods and iPhones etc.It’s all something we have to get used to. As time passes by technology seems to get better, better and better. When I was a kid all I remember was playing with my yu-gi-oh cards at break time with my frien ds and occasionally feeding my lifeless tamagotchi. Now when all I see are young primary children with their iPhones and their PSP’s socialising with people in other countries, all when their friends are right next door. 74% of households have internet connection, it is no surprise that the demand or internet has multiplied in the recent years.I must admit though, nothing beats a game of call of duty with your friends around the world. Technology has brought use medicines, cures for diseases that people could recently not live without. It has taken us to the moon, made it easy for us to go to other countries (planes, boats and trains), connected the whole world together in an invisible network and more importantly made us the fridge. Without advances like these how would we get clean water? How would you stay warm in winter? All this things have changed the way we live and we certainly cannot live without them.Nevertheless there are also bad things that technology has brought us, such as viruses that ruin our computers, explicit content that should not be seen, gambling sites that we might get too carried away with and not to mention the amount of time wasted just browsing the web doing nothing. Think about Facebook; an average person will use Facebook for about two hours a day. How did we ever procrastinate without Facebook or just without the web itself? Imagine a world without technology, I doubt most of us would be able to live in a world without it.Do you think you could? How would you get clean water? How would you stay warm? Let’s be honest. Do you actually know how to start a fire (without technology obviously)? It would be a completely different world to the one we live today, more like the one we used to live in. I just think that we are starting to use technology too much in our everyday lives. We are starting to lose our traditions; think of a book, more and more people are beginning to buy eBooks on their Kindle or tablet, is almost as if we don’t need hard copies of books anymore.Another good example is music; most music nowadays is just made by someone making random sounds with synthesizers. What happened to using real instruments? And what happened to buying CD’s in a shop? Or is all our music going to be directly stored in our computers? Whilst I have nothing against eBooks or online music, I think it’s good to buy the occasional CD and book, walking and not driving, playing football with our friends instead of losing ourselves in video games. When people say we are losing ourselves in technology they are right, we are, but is it really worth it? Juan Borges.